Kerala is the home of several traditional dance and dance - drama forms, the most notable being Kathakali. Kathakali, as a dance form popular today, is considered to be of comparatively recent origin. However, it is an art which has evolved from many social and religious theatrical forms which existed in the southern region in ancient times.  Chakiarkoothu, Koodiyattam, Krishnattam andRamanattam are few of the ritual performing arts of Kerala which have had a direct influence on Kathakali in its form and technique. It is believed that the refusal of the Zamorin of Calicut to send his Krishnattam troupe to Travancore, so enraged the Raja of Kottarakkara, that he was inspired to compose the Ramanattam. UPSC aspirants need to know the basics of Indian Classical dance forms.  Syllabus Art and culture in UPSC mains GS paper 1 has Indian classical dance forms and Indian folk dances along with other types of litereary and performing art forms.

TOPICS

  • Evidence of kathakali dance
  • Stories and Costumes
  • Characters in Kathakali Dance
  • How the Stage is set in Kathakali dance
  • Speciality of Kathakali dance
  • Dance sequence of Kathakali
  • Music in Kathakali Dance

EVIDENCE OF KATHAKALI DANCE

  • In the temple sculptures in Kerala and the frescoes in the Mattancheri temple of approximately the 16th century, dance scenes depicting the square and rectangular basic positions so typical to Kathakali are seen. For body movements and choreographical patterns, Kathakali is also indebted to the early martial arts of Kerala.

  • Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics. It is a stylised art form, the four aspects of abhinaya - angika, aharya,vachika, satvika and the nritta, nritya and natya aspects are combined perfectly.

  • The dancer expresses himself through codified hastamudras and facial expressions, closely following the verses(padams) that are sung. Kathakali derives its textual sanction from Balarama Bharatam andHastalakshana Deepika.

STORIES & COSTUMES

  • The attakkathasor stories are selected from the epics and myths and are written in a highly Sanskritised verse form in Malayalam. Many Malayalam writers have also contributed to the vast repertoire of Kathakali literature.

  • Kathakali is a visual art where aharya, costume and make-up are suited to the characters, as per the tenets laid down in the Natya Shastra. The characters are grouped under certain clearly defined types like the pacha, kathi, thadi, kari or minukku.

  • The face of the artist is painted over to appear as though a mask is worn. The lips, the eyelashes and the eyebrows are made to look prominent. A mixture of rice paste and lime is applied to make the chutti on the face which highlights the facial make-up.

CHARACTERS IN KATHAKALI DANCE

  • Kathakali dance is chiefly interpretative.

  • The characters in a Kathakali performance are broadly divided into satvika, rajasika and tamasika types. Satvika characters are noble, heroic, generous and refined. In pacha, green colour dominates and kirita (headgear) is worn by all.

  • Krishna and Rama wear special crowns decorated with peacock feathers.

  • The noble characters like Indra, Arjun and the Devas are some of the pacha characters.

  • The kathi type depict anti-heroes. Though they are of the rajasika category, they are sometimes great warriors and scholars such as Ravana, Kamsa and Sisupala to name a few. The moustache and the small knob called chuttippu fixed on "the tip of the nose and another in the centre of the forehead, is peculiar to the kathi character.

  • The characters of the thadi (beard) category are the chuvanna thadi, (red beard), vellathadi (white beard) and the karutha thadi (black beard). Vellathadi or the white bearded character is generally that of Hanuman, the dancer also wears the costume of a monkey. Kari are characters whose make-up have a black base, they wear black costume depicting a hunter or forest dweller.

  • Apart from these, there are minor characters like minukku which are the women and sages. Kathakali costumes and make-up are elaborate and designed so as to give a super human effect.

  • The make-up of Kathakali can be classified into the teppu, chuttikuthu and uduthukettu. The teppud done by the actor himself. Each character has a distinct teppu. The second stage is done by experts who specialise in make-up. The wearing of huge bellowing skirts is called uduthukettu.

HOW STAGE IS SET IN KATHAKALI DANCE

  • A simple stage is used. A large oil-fed lamp is placed in front of the stage and two people hold a curtain called Tirasseela on the stage, the main dancers stand behind it before the performance.

SPECIALITY OF KATHAKALI DANCE

  • In no other dance style is the entire body used so completely as in Kathakali.

  • The technical details cover every part of the body from facial muscles to fingers, eyes, hands and wrists.

  • The facial muscles play an important part.

  • The movement of the eyebrows, the eye-balls and the lower eye-lids as described in the Natya Shastra are not used to such an extent in any other dance style. The weight of the body is on the outer edges of the feet which are slightly bent and curved.

DANCE SEQUENCEOF KATHAKALI

  • Kalasams are pure dance sequences where the actor is at great liberty to express himself and display his skills.

  • The leaps, quick turns, jumps and the rhythmic co-ordination make kalasams, a joy to watch.

  • A Kathakali performance begins with the kelikottu, calling the audience to attention followed by the todayam.

  • It is a devotional number performed where one or two characters invoke the blessings of the gods. Kelikottu is the formal announcement of the performance done in the evening when drums and cymbals are played for a while in the courtyard. A pure nritta piece known as the purappadu comes as a sequel to this.

  • Then the musicians and drummers hold the stage entertaining the audience with an exhibition of their skills in melappada.

  • Tiranokku is the debut on the stage of all characters other than the pacha or minukku.

  • Thereafter, the play or the particular scene of the chosen play begins.

MUSIC OF KATHAKALI DANCE

  • Kathakali music follows the traditional sopana sangeet of Kerala. It is said to be the ritual singing of the Ashtapadis on the flight of steps leading to the sanctum sanctorum. Now, Kathakali music also uses Carnatic ragas-the raga and talaconforming to the bhava, rasa and dance patterns (nritta and natya).

  • The orchestra which is also used in other traditional performing arts of Kerala, normally comprises the Chenda, Maddalam, Chengila, Ilathalam, Idakka and Shankhu.

  • Ilakiattam is that part of the performance when the characters get an opportunity to demonstrate their excellence inabhinaya. For the most part of the performance the dancers engage themselves in chodiattam which means acting in strict conformity to the words in the padams sung by the accompanying musicians.

  • With work of poet Vallathol, this classical dance form received a new impetus and today many innovations are also being made to suit the needs of a changing society.

 

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